Edited by Eleonora Maria Vladimiro, Well.cy
Iron deficiency is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies worldwide, affecting millions of people, particularly women, children and people with chronic health conditions. It is often accompanied by low ferritin, the body's primary iron storage protein. Low ferritin can signal iron deficiency at an early stage, even before anemia develops.
What are iron and ferritin?
Iron: An essential mineral that helps transport oxygen through the blood via hemoglobin. It also plays an important role in energy production and the proper functioning of the immune system.
Ferritin: A protein that stores iron, mainly in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Ferritin levels in the blood provide an indication of the body's iron stores.
Symptoms of iron deficiency and low ferritin
Iron deficiency can develop gradually, and early symptoms may be mild or difficult to recognize. Common symptoms include:
- Fatigue, weakness and sleepiness
- Pale skin
- Shortness of breath or a rapid heartbeat after mild physical activity
- Increased sensitivity to cold
- Hair loss or brittle nails
- Headaches or dizziness
- Irritability or difficulty concentrating
- Craving unusual substances, such as ice, a condition known as "pica"
How is iron deficiency diagnosed?
A complete laboratory evaluation may include:
Hematocrit and hemoglobin: These tests help determine whether anemia is present.
Ferritin: The main indicator of the body's iron stores. Ferritin levels below 30 ng/mL may indicate iron deficiency, even when anemia is not present.
Serum iron and transferrin saturation: These are additional markers used to evaluate iron levels and iron availability in the body.
CRP (C-reactive protein): This test can help identify inflammation, which may affect the accuracy of ferritin levels.
Causes of iron deficiency
Insufficient dietary intake: A diet that does not provide enough iron, such as a vegetarian diet without appropriate supplementation.
Poor absorption: Gastrointestinal conditions such as celiac disease or gastritis can interfere with the body's ability to absorb iron.
Increased needs: The body's iron requirements increase during pregnancy, adolescence and periods of intense physical activity.
Blood loss: Menstruation, gastrointestinal bleeding and blood donation can all contribute to iron deficiency.
Foods rich in iron
Animal sources (heme iron, which is more easily absorbed): Liver, red meat, fish and eggs.
Plant sources: Lentils, beans, spinach, quinoa and dried fruit.
- Pairing iron-rich foods with vitamin C, such as lemon, peppers or oranges, can improve iron absorption.
- Avoid consuming coffee, tea or dairy products at the same time as iron-rich foods or supplements, as they can interfere with iron absorption.
Treatment and supplements
When diet alone is not enough, a doctor may recommend:
Iron supplements (ferrous sulfate, gluconate or bisglycinate): These are generally taken on an empty stomach, unless they cause stomach discomfort or other side effects.
Intravenous iron: This may be recommended for people with severe iron deficiency or those who cannot tolerate oral iron supplements.
Self-diagnosis and taking iron supplements without medical guidance can lead to iron toxicity. Iron supplements should always be taken under the direction of a doctor.
Conclusion
Iron and ferritin deficiency should not be ignored, even when anemia has not developed. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can significantly improve quality of life by reducing fatigue, improving mental clarity and supporting overall health.
